Science, mathematics, economics and AI research audit
Date: 2026-10-30. Twenty-five original entries. Research used search results and opened scholarly pages, author manuscripts, institutional education pages, and primary historical manuscripts. Search discovery alone verifies only visible metadata/abstracts, not full paper contents. These differences are retained below and in article attribution sections. No external scholarly article is bundled.
Sources retrieved
- Philosophical Issues in Quantum Theory — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Measurement problem, Wigner scenario, competing theories; historical bibliography.
- The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — 1935 authorship, original position/momentum argument, Bohm variation and Bell developments.
- Markus Pössel, The elevator, the rocket, and gravity — Einstein Online, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics — Local equivalence, free fall, limits imposed by tidal effects.
- John D. Norton, Einstein’s Pathway to Special Relativity — University of Pittsburgh — Einstein’s retrospective account and limits of historical reconstruction.
- Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Section 7.2: demon, information, erasure, unresolved foundational issues.
- Galileo Galilei — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2021 archive — Two New Sciences (1638) and the argument against weight-proportional fall.
- Galileo, Discourses Concerning the Two New Sciences — University of Washington excerpt — Original dialogue excerpt; PDF retrieved, though text extraction unavailable.
- Markus Pössel, The case of the travelling twins — Einstein Online — Proper-time difference, asymmetry of round trips and empirical context.
- Ana Pires, Hospitality at the Hilbert Hotel — Institute for Advanced Study (2016) — Hilbert’s 1924–25 lectures, Gamow’s popularization, room reassignment proofs.
- Philip B. Stark, The Let’s Make a Deal (Monty Hall) Problem — UC Berkeley — Explicit host protocol and conditional probability solution.
- Adam Elga, Self-locating belief and the Sleeping Beauty problem, Analysis 60 (2000) — Original canonical formulation, earlier precursors, half/thirder positions.
- Probability and Induction — Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Principle of indifference and Bertrand’s random chord example.
- Interpretations of Probability — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Interpretation of probabilities and nonunique indifference assignments.
- The St. Petersburg Paradox — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Nicolaus Bernoulli’s 1713 letter, Daniel Bernoulli’s 1738 treatment, infinite expectation.
- David J. Chalmers, The St. Petersburg Two-Envelope Paradox, Analysis 62 (2002) — Ordinary and infinite expectation versions, conditioning and prior distributions.
- Prisoner’s Dilemma — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Flood/Dresher’s game, Tucker’s story, payoff conditions, repeated games.
- Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons (1968), excerpt — San Diego State University — Pasture scenario and private-benefit/shared-cost mechanism.
- Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, Science 162 (1968), university-hosted scan — Publication metadata; full paper scan retrieved.
- Normative Theories of Rational Choice: Expected Utility — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2020 archive — Section 3.2.2: Allais (1953), Ellsberg (1961), numerical cases and alternative responses.
- John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory (1936), Chapter 12 — History of Economic Thought archive — Original newspaper contest analogy and speculation versus enterprise.
- Richard H. Thaler, Keynes’s Beauty Contest — Chicago Booth Review (2015) — Modern number-guessing adaptation and recursive expectations.
- Nick Bostrom, Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence (2003), author-hosted revised text — Paperclip goal illustration, distinction between capability and motivation.
- Stuart Armstrong, Anders Sandberg and Nick Bostrom, Thinking Inside the Box: Controlling and Using an Oracle AI (2012 manuscript) — Oracle containment analysis and discussion of Yudkowsky’s AI-box roleplay.
- The Turing Test — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — 1950 imitation game, interpretations, behavioral and evidential objections.
- Charles Darwin, draft of Origin of Species, 1858, CUL-DAR185.137 — Darwin Online — Primary manuscript of the eye argument and link to published Chapter VI.
- Charles Darwin, draft of Origin of Species, 1858, CUL-DAR185.103 — Darwin Online — Primary aquatic-bear scenario, environmental assumptions, editorial publication history.
- Stephen Jay Gould, The exaptive excellence of spandrels as a term and prototype, PNAS 94 (1997) — Author’s clarification of the 1979 analogy: origin versus current utility.
- Gould and Lewontin, The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm (1979) — PubMed record — Original authorship and publication date; record, not full-text verification.
- Elinor Ostrom, The Challenge of Crafting Rules to Change Open Access Resources into Managed Resources (2007) — Indiana University repository — Author and abstract describing institutional alternatives and polycentric governance.
- Monty hall problem — Encyclopedia of Mathematics — Selvin’s 1975 letters and later popular discussion.
- Information Processing and Thermodynamic Entropy — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Demon’s first mention in the 1867 letter to Tait and information/thermodynamics debate.
- Langevin’s Twin Paradox paper revisited — author research preprint (2008) — Analysis of Langevin’s 1911 article; historical metadata verified from abstract.
Limits and editorial decisions
- The original AI-box web page returned a retrieval error. The entry relies on the retrieved Armstrong–Sandberg–Bostrom paper; roleplay is explicitly informal, not an established controlled experiment.
- The original 1979 spandrels source was checked through its bibliographic record. Gould’s 1997 full text was retrieved and supports the explanation; the entry is explicitly an analogy/argument.
- Galileo’s original PDF was retrieved but automated text extraction failed. Attribution and reconstruction rely on the retrieved SEP historical entry.
- Hardin’s PDF has poor text extraction; a university-hosted original excerpt supports the pasture mechanism. The wider political and population claims are not endorsed.
- Ostrom’s Nobel lecture was inaccessible; the Indiana author repository abstract was retrieved instead and supports the institutional critique, not a comprehensive assessment of all empirical findings.
- Selvin’s historical attribution is supported by the retrieved Encyclopedia of Mathematics search result; Berkeley supplies the fully stated probability model.
- Wigner dates differ across reference editions; the article explicitly preserves early-1960s dating and the 1961/1962 discrepancy.
- Quantum interpretation remains debated. EPR is distinguished from Bohm’s spin variation and later Bell experiments; controlled “cat states” and small observer analogues are not represented as literal coherent human experiments.
- Physics scenarios rely on idealizations. The twin-paradox sample calculation and chord probabilities are supplied as explicit reasoning, not claimed experimental measurements.
- Historical metadata were checked at the level of retrieved scholarly summaries or original drafts; not every original book or paper was read in full.
- Related links are selected from this batch; the repository editor can add cross-disciplinary connections after integration.